一、和子进程同步
在linux系统中,父进程通常需要通过waitpid来等待/获取子进程状态变化情况,而这个主要就是通过waitXXX函数族来实现的,例如常见的init函数实现的respawn类配置进程(例如getty)、调试器中对子进程状态的获取,shell对同步子进程状态的监控和获取,以及通常我们工程中使用的子进程和父进程之间的通讯等。我们在linux下man 一下waitpid,可以看到有下面三个比较常用的函数YNOPSIS #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> pid_t wait(int *status); pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options); int waitid(idtype_t idtype, id_t id, siginfo_t *infop, int options);‘它们的共同特点就是提供给操作系统一个用户态指针,然后由内核来填充这个值,这里子进程的返回值并不是通过waitpid函数本身的返回值决定,因为waitpid并不总是返回成功,如果传入的pid非法,那么可能返回负数,所以子进程的真正退出情况需要另外提供参数来完成。可以看到,这个返回值是一个int类型的内存地址,所以父进程和子进程之间所有的状态交互都要通过这个int来表示,这个int如何编码就比较重要了,和IP地址一样,它是比较紧凑的,或者说是比较拥挤的。二、子进程通过exit退出这个一般来说相当于正常退出,至少说不是由于不可抗拒的外力导致的退出,例如被SIGKILL杀死,收到SIGPIPE信号的,它的退出时主动退出,也算是个善终。这类错误码直通内核,然后内核中转在返还给用户态的waitpid,这条路还算是通畅,但是内核也是经过了简单加工,因为内核的最低8bits是用来供信号使用的,而真正的exit返回值记录在高8bits,而且只能占用8bits,这意味着如果exit的返回值过大,waitpid并不能够看到,linux-2.6.37.1\kernel\exit.cSYSCALL_DEFINE1(exit_group, int, error_code){ do_group_exit((error_code & 0xff) << 8); /* NOTREACHED */ return 0;}do_group_exit---.>>>do_exittsk->exit_code = code;对于通过exit退出进程,它首先会成为僵尸进程(tsk->state = TASK_DEAD 并且 tsk->exit_state = EXIT_ZOMBIE),等待父进程通过waitXXX来回收。父进程就通过SYSCALL_DEFINE3(waitpid, pid_t, pid, int __user *, stat_addr, int, options)---->>>SYSCALL_DEFINE4(wait4, pid_t, upid, int __user *, stat_addr, int, options, struct rusage __user *, ru)---->>>do_wait---->>>do_wait_thread--->>>wait_consider_task---->>>wait_task_zombie status = (p->signal->flags & SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT) ? p->signal->group_exit_code : p->exit_code; if (!retval && wo->wo_stat) retval = put_user(status, wo->wo_stat);所以子进程的返回值就是这么确定的,它的低8位为零,次低8位为真正退出码。[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ cat exitcode.c #include <unistd.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>int main(){ pid_t forker;if(0 == (forker = fork())){ exit(0x12345678);}else if ((pid_t)0 > forker){ perror("fork faile\n");} else { int status; waitpid(forker,&status,0); printf("exit status is %x\n",status);}}[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ gcc exitcode.c -o exitcode.exe[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ ./exitcode.exe exit status is 7800 可以看到返回值只有最低6bits生效,其它丢失。[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ 三、信号导致退出这个也比较常见,应该是仅次于exit退出的一个任务消亡方法。如果不安装信号处理函数,通常的信号都是致命的,例如段错误SIGSEGV、非法指令SIGILL、管道断裂SIGPIPE、程序流产SIGABORT等,这些父进程也需要知道原因。在status的低7bits用来保存进程结束时受到的信号,所以信号最多能够有127个,例如MIPS系统。get_signal_to_deliver---->>>do_group_exit(info->si_signo)--->>>do_exit(exit_code)之后的流程和前一个相同。但是在信号退出的时候,这个地方修改了返回值的意义do_group_exit(int exit_code){ struct signal_struct *sig = current->signal; BUG_ON(exit_code & 0x80); /* core dumps don't get here */ if (signal_group_exit(sig)) exit_code = sig->group_exit_code; else if (!thread_group_empty(current)) { struct sighand_struct *const sighand = current->sighand; spin_lock_irq(&sighand->siglock); if (signal_group_exit(sig)) /* Another thread got here before we took the lock. */ exit_code = sig->group_exit_code; else { sig->group_exit_code = exit_code; sig->flags = SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT;这两个将会影响到最后status的返回值。 zap_other_threads(current); } spin_unlock_irq(&sighand->siglock); } do_exit(exit_code); /* NOTREACHED */}再次把前一节中的赋值操作拷贝一下 status = (p->signal->flags & SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT) ? p->signal->group_exit_code : p->exit_code;此时满足前一个条件,返回值的低7bits为导致进程退出信号数值。 if (!retval && wo->wo_stat) retval = put_user(status, wo->wo_stat);同样是上面代码,在子进程中制造访问异常[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ cat exitcode.fault.c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>int main(){ pid_t forker;if(0 == (forker = fork())){ *(int*)0 = 0; exit(0x12345678);}else if ((pid_t)0 > forker){ perror("fork faile\n");} else { int status;waitpid(forker,&status,0);printf("exit status is %x\n",status);}}[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ gcc exitcode.fault.c -o exitcode.fault.c.exe [tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ ./exitcode.fault.c.exe exit status is 8b 低7bits表示导致任务退出的信号数值,SIGSEGV=11,最高一个bit表示是否生成coredump文件。[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ coredump文件设置的位置为int get_signal_to_deliver(siginfo_t *info, struct k_sigaction *return_ka, struct pt_regs *regs, void *cookie) if (sig_kernel_coredump(signr)) { if (print_fatal_signals) print_fatal_signal(regs, info->si_signo); /* * If it was able to dump core, this kills all * other threads in the group and synchronizes with * their demise. If we lost the race with another * thread getting here, it set group_exit_code * first and our do_group_exit call below will use * that value and ignore the one we pass it. */ do_coredump(info->si_signo, info->si_signo, regs); }do_coredump if (retval) current->signal->group_exit_code |= 0x80;四、进程状态变化一般是进程转换为STOPPED或者CONTINUED,父进程默认会收到这些信号,这一点可以在注册信号处理函数的时候屏蔽掉这种行为,注册SIGCHLD的时候通过SA_NOCLDSTOP来拒绝当进程变化时接收信号;而父进程默认不会在STOP和CONTINUE的时候唤醒,需要在waitpid的最后一个参数中分别设置WUNTRACED和WCONTINUED标志。get_signal_to_deliver--->>>do_signal_stopif (!sig->group_stop_count) { struct task_struct *t; if (!likely(sig->flags & SIGNAL_STOP_DEQUEUED) || unlikely(signal_group_exit(sig))) return 0; /* * There is no group stop already in progress. * We must initiate one now. */ sig->group_exit_code = signr;}…… if (notify) { read_lock(&tasklist_lock); do_notify_parent_cldstop(current, notify); read_unlock(&tasklist_lock); }对于waitpid系统调用static int wait_task_stopped(struct wait_opts *wo, int ptrace, struct task_struct *p) p_code = task_stopped_code(p, ptrace);///return &p->signal->group_exit_code;此处返回前面赋值的信号。…… if (!retval && wo->wo_stat) retval = put_user((exit_code << 8) | 0x7f, wo->wo_stat);也就是低8bits为0x7f,次低8bits为导致任务STOP的信号,这个信号不仅有SIGSTOP,还有SIGTIN和SIGTOUT(大家可以看一下sig_kernel_stop的实现)。测试程序[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ cat exitcode.stop.c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <sys/wait.h>int main(){ pid_t forker;if(0 == (forker = fork())){ setpgrp(); char buf[0x10]; while(1) { sleep (1) ;read(0,buf,sizeof(buf));} //sleep(10000); exit(0x12345678);}else if ((pid_t)0 > forker){ perror("fork faile\n");} else { int status;while (1) { waitpid(forker,&status,WUNTRACED|WCONTINUED);printf("exit status is %x\n",status);}}}[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ gcc exitcode.stop.c -o exitcode.stop.c.exe -static[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ ./exitcode.stop.c.exe & 后台运行,所以子进程的read触发SIGTTIN信号,其中SIGTTIN在386系统中为21=0x15。[6] 15452[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ exit status is 157f 高byte为信号SIGTTIN,低byte为7f,这个是一个绝对值。[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ kill -SIGCONT 15453 这个在FC的31内核没有显示CONTINUE对应的0xffff,在2.6.37中有显示,没有追究原因。[tsecer@Harry waitstat]$ exit status is 157f其中WUNTRACED和WCONTINUED分别在2.6.37内核下面位置使用:static int wait_task_continued(struct wait_opts *wo, struct task_struct *p){ int retval; pid_t pid; uid_t uid; if (!unlikely(wo->wo_flags & WCONTINUED)) return 0;……}static int wait_task_stopped(struct wait_opts *wo, int ptrace, struct task_struct *p){ struct siginfo __user *infop; int retval, exit_code, *p_code, why; uid_t uid = 0; /* unneeded, required by compiler */ pid_t pid; /* * Traditionally we see ptrace'd stopped tasks regardless of options. */ if (!ptrace && !(wo->wo_flags & WUNTRACED)) return 0;……}五、C库对返回值的封装为了避免用户直接判断waitpid的返回值,C库定义了一些宏来判断返回值,有兴趣的同学可以结合之前说明对应一下。glibc-2.7\posix\sys\wait.h# define WEXITSTATUS(status) __WEXITSTATUS(__WAIT_INT(status))# define WTERMSIG(status) __WTERMSIG(__WAIT_INT(status))# define WSTOPSIG(status) __WSTOPSIG(__WAIT_INT(status))# define WIFEXITED(status) __WIFEXITED(__WAIT_INT(status))# define WIFSIGNALED(status) __WIFSIGNALED(__WAIT_INT(status))# define WIFSTOPPED(status) __WIFSTOPPED(__WAIT_INT(status))# ifdef __WIFCONTINUED# define WIFCONTINUED(status) __WIFCONTINUED(__WAIT_INT(status))glibc-2.7\bits\waitstatus.h/* Everything extant so far uses these same bits. *//* If WIFEXITED(STATUS), the low-order 8 bits of the status. */#define __WEXITSTATUS(status) (((status) & 0xff00) >> 8)/* If WIFSIGNALED(STATUS), the terminating signal. */#define __WTERMSIG(status) ((status) & 0x7f)/* If WIFSTOPPED(STATUS), the signal that stopped the child. */#define __WSTOPSIG(status) __WEXITSTATUS(status)/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates normal termination. */#define __WIFEXITED(status) (__WTERMSIG(status) == 0)/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates termination by a signal. */#define __WIFSIGNALED(status) \ (((signed char) (((status) & 0x7f) + 1) >> 1) > 0)/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child is stopped. */#define __WIFSTOPPED(status) (((status) & 0xff) == 0x7f)/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child continued after a stop. We only define this if <bits/waitflags.h> provides the WCONTINUED flag bit. */#ifdef WCONTINUED# define __WIFCONTINUED(status) ((status) == __W_CONTINUED)#endif/* Nonzero if STATUS indicates the child dumped core. */#define __WCOREDUMP(status) ((status) & __WCOREFLAG)/* Macros for constructing status values. */#define __W_EXITCODE(ret, sig) ((ret) << 8 | (sig))#define __W_STOPCODE(sig) ((sig) << 8 | 0x7f)#define __W_CONTINUED 0xffff#define __WCOREFLAG 0x80